IPC 192 → BNS 228: Fabricating False Evidence

Quick Summary: IPC 192 vs BNS 228

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023, in force since 1 July 2024, has replaced the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860. IPC 192 addresses fabricating false evidence, part of the IPC's offences against public justice — false evidence, fabrication, screening offenders and similar interference with the justice process. These are carried into the BNS with the same structure, and fabricating false evidence is now prosecuted as BNS 228, protecting the integrity of investigations and trials in its own right.

What did IPC 192 cover?

IPC 192 dealt with fabricating false evidence — fabricating false evidence (definition). Until 30 June 2024, every FIR and criminal trial for this offence was registered and prosecuted under this provision of the Indian Penal Code 1860.

BNS 228: What changed in the new law?

Consolidated with punishment section. From 1 July 2024, new complaints relating to fabricating false evidence are filed under BNS Section 228, while cases registered earlier continue under the old IPC provision as per the saving clause of the BNS.

Punishment under BNS 228

N/A - Definition

Practical implications for advocates, police & citizens

• Advocates: In a fabricating false evidence matter, intention and the materiality of the false statement are decisive; ensure the complaint cites BNS 228 and meets the pre-conditions for prosecuting court-related offences.
• Police officers: Document the false statement or fabricated evidence precisely — the fabricating false evidence offence is now BNS 228.
• Law students & citizens: Lying on oath, forging evidence or helping an offender escape — the conduct behind fabricating false evidence — is punishable separately from the main case.